Nhanganyaya
Munzvimbo inodiwa yeinjiniya yemagetsi emagetsi, zvikamu zvinoiswa pasi pehutsinye musanganiswa wemasimba emukati nekunze. Nepo mainjiniya vachipedza nguva yakakosha vachiverenga madhindindi makuru ekushanda, kumhanya kwemvura, uye mwero wekuyerera, kune njodzi yakaenzana inoparadza, isingaonekwe inoshanda pachiyero chidiki: corrosion. Kusiiwa kusingatariswe, kushatiswa kwekemikari yezvikamu zvesimbi kunogona kushandura yakagadziridzwa hydraulic system kuita mutoro unodonha, une njodzi, uye usingashande.
Yakajairwa kabhoni simbi zvikamu zvinotsamira pane epamusoro, machira ekupira senge zinc plating kudzivirira kushatisa kwezvakatipoteredza. Nekudaro, pasi pekunetseka kunogara kuchiitika kwemechini vibration, kuwedzera kwemafuta, uye abrasive particulate kuyerera, mabhanhire aya anozopedzisira apera kutetepa, kutsemuka, kana kubhururuka kure. Kana simbi yepasi yave pachena kune unyoro uye oksijeni, ngura inobata nekukurumidza kunotyisa, ichipararira munzvimbo dzakavhara uye kutsenga kuburikidza neshinda profiles.
Kubvisa kusadzikama uku pakwakabva, indasitiri yemazuva ano inoshanduka kuita metallurgy. Kusarudza premium stainless steel hydraulic product-zvakadai seyepamusoro-pressure fitting, valveation valve, adapta, kana cylinder housing{3}}inopa kudzivirirwa kwemukati, kwekutanga kubva mukudzikira. Asi simbi iyi inoshamisa inonyatso dzivirira sei simba rakasanganiswa re oxidation, acid kurwisa, uye kuratidzwa kwemvura yemunyu? Mhinduro iri mukuwirirana kunonakidza kwesainzi yezvinhu, engineering yemakemikari, uye kugadzikana kwechimiro. Chinyorwa chino chinopa kutarisa kwakadzama kwezvishandiso zvesainzi izvo zvinobvumira simbi isina tsvina yehydraulic components kuti irambe iine ngura zvachose{{6}isina uye yakagadzikana munzvimbo dzisingakanganwiri pasi rose.
Sayenzi yePassive Layer: Stainless Steel's Chakavanzika Weapon
Kuti unzwisise kuti simbi isina simbi inozvidzivirira sei kubva kune ngura, munhu anofanira kutanga abvisa pfungwa isiriyo yakajairika: simbi isina tsvina haisi imwe chete, isingaite simbi segoridhe kana platinamu. Iyo inonyanya kushanda alloy inoumbwa nesimbi, kabhoni, uye yakakosha hurongwa hwezvinhu zvakawedzerwa. Kugona kwayo kurwisa ngura mugumisiro wekuenderera mberi, kudzorwa kwekemikari inoitika panzvimbo yayo yekunze.
Iyo yekutanga yechinhu mune ino inodzivirira chemistry ndeye chromium. Kuti ionekwe sesimbi yechokwadi isina tsvina, iyo alloy inofanira kunge iine hushoma hwe10.5 muzana chromium nehuremu. Kana simbi yakasvibirira ikasangana nehunyoro nemhepo, inoumba iron oxide, inowanzozivikanwa sered rust. Ngura tsvuku ine yakasununguka, porous crystalline chimiro chinoramba chichiwedzera uye chinoputika kure nesimbi. Kuputika uku kunofumura simbi nyowani pasi, zvichigadzira kuparadza, kudzika kutenderera kunozopedza chikamu chacho zvachose.
Chromium inonyorazve ichi chinyorwa chemakemikari. Kana maatomu echromium akaiswa mukati mesimbi isina hydraulic chigadzirwa paanosangana neambient oxygen, anochinja kuita firimu repamusoro rakatetepa zvisinga fungidzike rinozivikanwa se chromium oxide. Iyi firimu ingori maatomu mashoma kukora-kutetepa zvekuti chiedza chinopfuura nepariri, zvichibvumira kupenya kwesimbi kwesimbi kuti irambe ichinyatsooneka.
Iyi firimu yechromium oxide inozivikanwa se passive layer. Kusiyana nengura dzvuku, iyo passive layer yakakora zvisingaite, yakagadzikana, uye haina{1}}porous zvachose. Inoita sechinhu chisingapindiki, chepfuti chisingaoneki chinodzivirira oxygen uye mamorekuru emvura kuti asambosvika pamaatomu esimbi ari pasi.
Zvinotoshamisa ndezvokuti, passive layer iyi ine simba uye inozvirapa yega-. Munzvimbo inorema-ye hydraulic, mafittings nemavharuvhu anogara achikweshwa nemarara anodonha, kukweshwa nezvipanera panguva yekugadzirisa minda, kana kukukurwa kukuru kwemukati kubva{3}}kuyerera kwemafuta ekukurumidza. Muchikamu chakapfava chakajairwa, kukwenya kwakadzika kunomiririra kutyora zvachose kwezvombo, zvichiratidza kutanga kwekuita ngura. Nesimbi isina simbi, kana iyo passive layer ikakweshwa kana kubviswa, maatomu echromium achangobva kuburitswa anobva abatana neokisijeni yakatenderedza kuvaka patsva chinovharira chechromium oxide mukati memamilliseconds. Uku kuenderera mberi kwekuvandudzwa kunovimbisa kuti nzira yemvura inoramba yakavharwa pakurwisa kwezvakatipoteredza kwehupenyu hwayo hwese hwekushanda.
Alloying Agents uye Dziviriro Yavo Yakatarirwa
Nepo chromium ichipa hwaro hwekuvaka kweiyo passive layer, maindasitiri hydraulic masisitimu anowanzo kutarisana nemamiriro emakemikari akaomarara anoda imwe kusimbiswa. Kusangana nematambudziko aya, mametallurgists anosuma chechipiri alloying matrix esimbi yecrystalline matrix, achigadzira mamakisi akasiyana akagadziridzwa kune chaiwo marudzi ekudzivirira.
Chinhu chekutanga chikuru chekuwedzera i nickel. Mune yakakurumbira 300-Series austenitic Stainless steels anoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumagetsi ekushandisa magetsi, nickel inounzwa mumisumbu inotangira kubva pa8 kusvika ku14 muzana. Kubva pakuona kwemagetsi, nickel inoshandura chimiro chekristalline chepasi chesimbi, ichichishandura kubva kune ferritic chimiro kune austenitic chimiro. Uku kushanduka kwesimbi kunowedzera zvakanyanya kusimba kwesimbi, ductility, uye kusimba kwechimiro. Inopawo kusimudzira kwakakosha kune izvo zvinhu zvakajairwa kuramba yunifomu corrosion, kunyanya kana yakafumurwa kune yakapfava acid uye maindasitiri emakemikari mhinduro.
Nekudaro, shasha yechokwadi yekunyanyisa hydraulic nharaunda ndeye molybdenum. Standard Grade 304 Stainless steel inopa dziviriro yakanakisa kubva kuhunyoro hwemuchadenga, asi inogona kunetsa kana yaiswa zvakanyanya concentrated chloride ions, iyo inowanikwa yakawanda mumvura yegungwa, mhepo yemugungwa, uye{2}}icing salts. Chloride ions ine hukasha hwakasiyana; vanogona kupinda nekunyungudutsa yakajairwa chromium oxide passive layer, zvichikonzera kuparara kwenzvimbo.
Kurwisa kusadzikama uku, Grade 316 simbi isina tsvina inosanganisira kuwedzera kwe2 kusvika ku3 muzana molybdenum. Molybdenum inoshanda sechinhu chanangwa chekudzikamisa kemikari, ichiwedzera kugadzikana kwepanzvimbo kwepamhepo firimu uye richiita kuti isamirire kuparara kwechloride{4}kunokonzerwa. Uku kukwidziridzwa kwekutanga ndicho chikonzero nei Giredhi 316 iri iyo yakajairwa zvinhu zvinodiwa kumapuratifomu ekuchera mafuta ekumahombekombe, ngarava dzemugungwa, uye zvidyarwa zvemaindasitiri emahombekombe.
Pakupedzisira, kugadzira kwemazuva ano kunoteerera zvakanyanya kune kabhoni yemukati. Kana Stainless simbi ichidziiswa kusvika pakupisa kwakanyanya-sekunge panguva yekupisa-pressure hydraulic flange-chinoitika chinonzi carbide precipitation chinogona kuitika. Chromium nekabhoni maatomu anogona kusunga pamwechete pamiganhu yezviyo zvesimbi, achibvisa nzvimbo dzakatenderedza chromium inodiwa kuchengetedza passive layer. Izvi zvinosiya majoini akasungwa ari panjodzi huru yekuora mukati megranular. Kubvisa njodzi iyi, vagadziri vanoshandisa -kabhoni yakaderera, yakanzi Grade 304L kana 316L. Nekudzora kabhoni iri pasi pe 0.03 muzana, kunaya kwecarbide kunodzivirirwa, kuita kuti nzvimbo ine welded irambe isingaite ngura{12}}sechikamu chese.
Kukunda Akananga Mafomu eHydraulic Corrosion
Corrosion inoratidzira nenzira dzakasiyana siyana mukati meiyo fluid power system. Chigadzirwa chepamusoro{{1}stainless steel hydraulic chigadzirwa chakagadzirwa kuti chirwisane nekutyisidzira kwakasiyana uku.
Uniform Corrosion
Uniform corrosion inomiririra kupararira, kunyange kurwiswa kwese kwese kwakavhurika kwechikamu chesimbi, zvichitungamira mukutetepa zvishoma nezvishoma kwemadziro emidziyo nekufamba kwenguva. Mune{{1}pressure hydraulic line, kuonda kwemadziro kune ngozi zvikuru, sezvo kunoramba kuchidzikamisa kushanda kwakachengeteka kwepombi kusvikira njodzi yaputika. Iyo inoenderera mberi yepasiredhi yesimbi isina tsvina inodzivirira yunifomu ngura zvachose pasi pemamiriro ekushanda akajairwa, kuchengetedza ekutanga kukora kwemadziro uye mipendero yezvimiro mukati mehupenyu hwechikamu.
Pitting uye Crevice Corrosion
Gomba uye kukoromoka kwemukororo kune nzvimbo dzakakwirira, dzisiri nzira dzekuparadza. Kuboora kunoitika kana kutadza kudiki, kwenzvimbo munzvimbo yekudzivirira kunobvumira gomba risingaonekwi kudzika mukati memadziro esimbi, rakavanzwa kubva pakuona kutarisisa. Crevice corrosion inoitika munzvimbo dzakavharirwa zvakasimba umo mvura inogona kumira, senge diki-mukaha pakati pemaprofile eshinda yekubatanidza kana pasi pechisimbiso cheflange.
Sezvo mvura isingayerere painopera mweya weokisijeni-, kemikari yayo inochinja, ichishanduka kuita acidic zvakanyanya uye nekukasika kutsenga nesimbi dzakakwana. Kuwedzerwa kwemolybdenum muGrade 316 simbi isina simbi inodzikamisa iyo passive layer mukati meidzi nzvimbo dzeokisijeni{3}dzisina kupera, kudzivirira kutangwa kwemakomba uye kutadza kuparara kwemukoto.
Galvanic Corrosion
Galvanic corrosion inoitika apo simbi mbiri dzakasiyana dze electrochemically dzichisangana pamberi pe electrolyte, senge mwando kana ambient humidity. Muchiitiko ichi, magetsi madiki anoyerera pakati pesimbi, zvichiita kuti simbi isina kunaka (iyo anode) iparare pamwero wekukurumidza, nepo simbi yakasarudzika (iyo cathode) inoramba yakachengetedzwa.
Nekuti simbi isina simbi inogara pakakwirira pa galvanic noble scale, inoshingirira zvikuru kusvibiswa nesimbi dzakavakidzana. Nekudaro, mainjiniya anofanirwa kungwarira: kana simbi isina simbi inokwana yakakwenenzverwa yakananga mune yakapfava aluminium manifold block munzvimbo ine nyoro, iyo aluminiyamu ichaita sechibairo anode uye nekukurumidza kuparara. Kuti ugadzirise izvi, magadzirirwo akafanira anosanganisira simbi dzinofananidzwa pasitimu yese kana kushandisa-zvipingamupinyi zvinodzivirira zvekuparadza magetsi.
Zvakatipoteredza Zviitiko: Iko Kudzivirirwa Kwesimbi Kunokosha Kwakanyanya
Iko kusimba kwekemikari kusimba kwesimbi isina simbi kunoita kuti ive sarudzo yakakosha kumativi akati wandei ekushanda ane hukasha.
Muinjiniya yemugungwa nekumahombekombe, ma hydraulic masisitimu anoramba achirohwa nemafungu, munyu wekupfapfaidza, uye dense, mhute. Ioni dzechloride dziri mumvura yemunyu dzinokurumidzisa zinc plating kubva kune yakajairwa kabhoni simbi zvikamu, zvichitungamira mukuparadza kuumba ngura mukati memavhiki mashoma. Stainless simbi midziyo inotsungirira aya mamiriro emugungwa kwemakumi emakore pasina kurasikirwa nekutendeseka kwavo, kuchengetedza yakakosha giya, dhizaini, uye mavharuvhu epasi pegungwa kubva kusingafungidzirwe kukundikana kwemunda.
Saizvozvo, makemikari uye petrochemical processing zvivakwa zvinopa musanganiswa wakanyanya muchetura we ambient njodzi dzenharaunda. Mitsetse yeHydraulic inomhanya padhuze nekugadzirisa mavhati inogona kuoneswa kune mhepo ine acidic mhute, caustic sulfur makomisheni, uye inovhuvhuta organic zvinonyungudutsa. Standard plated metals inodzikira nekukurumidza pasi peichi kemikari kurwisa. Simbi isina tsvina inopinza mumakemikari kune yakakura yakawanda yezvigadzirwa zvemaindasitiri, zvichiibvumira kuchengetedza yakachena, isina gwapa kunyangwe inogara, yakananga makemikari kuratidzwa.
Chekupedzisira, isu tinofanirwa kutarisa zvinotemerwa zvehutsanana washdown mumaindasitiri ezvekudya, zvinwiwa, uye zvemishonga. Muzvikamu izvi, michina inofanira kugara yakapfapfaidzwa ne-pressure steam nemishonga ine chlorine kana caustic soda kuti utachiona hupere. Yakaputirwa kabhoni simbi zvikamu hazvigone kurarama izvi zvinogara zvichiitwa zvehutsanana pasina kupisa kana kuita ngura, izvo zvinoisa njodzi yakakomba yekusvibiswa kwemuviri nemakemikari kumutsara wekugadzira. Simbi isina tsvina ine nzvimbo yakatsetseka, -isina porous inoshingirira kuramba kunamatira uye inoshingirira kushambidzika kwehutsanana pasina kusvibisa kana kuburitsa marara.
Kuchengetedza Anti{0}Kuora Kuvimbika: Kuisa uye Kugadzirisa Maitiro Akanakisisa
Kuve nechokwadi chekuti simbi isina simbi hydraulic chigadzirwa chinoburitsa yakanyanya kuyerwa corrosion kuramba, chaiyo yekuisa uye maitiro ekugadzirisa anofanirwa kuteverwa zvine hungwaru nevanyanzvi vemunda.
Nzira yekutanga yakakosha inozivikanwa se passivation. Kana simbi isina tsvina yakashongedzwa, yakadhindwa, kana kudhindwa panguva yekugadzira, zvidimbu zvidiki zvesimbi yemahara kubva mumidziyo yekucheka zvinogona kunyudzwa pamusoro pesimbi. Kana akasiyiwa asina kurapwa, aya ekunze simbi particles anozoita ngura mumunda, zvichiita kuti chitarisiko chinonyengera chekutadza kwechikamu uye zvinogona kukanganisa pasi pepasi pasi.
Kuti udzivise izvi, zvikamu zvakapedzwa zvinorapwa kemikari passivation, kazhinji inosanganisira yekunyudza yekugezesa mune nitric kana citric acid mhinduro. Asidhi iyi yekugezesa inonyungutsa chero tsvina yesimbi pasina kurwisa simbi, ichisiya yakachena, chromium-yakapfuma nzvimbo inogonesa kugadzirwa kwefirimu rinodzivirira.
Pamusoro pezvo, nyanzvi dzemumunda dzinofanirwa kungwarira zvakanyanya kudzivirira-kusvibiswa panguva yekugadzira system. Kana nyanzvi ikashandisa yakajairwa kabhoni simbi waya bhurashi kuchenesa tambo dzevharuvhu yesimbi isina simbi, kana kubata zvinhu zvine ngura maturusi esimbi, kabhoni simbi inoiswa panzvimbo isina tsvina, ichitanga nzvimbo dzine ngura. Zvishandiso zvesimbi zvakatsaurirwa uye maitiro akachena ekubata zvakakosha pakuchengetedza kuchena kwezvinhu.
Chekupedzisira, matekinoroji anofanirwa kubata njodzi yeshinda galling panguva yekuisa. Nekuti austenitic Stainless simbi dzakapfava uye dzakapfava zvakanyanya, iko kukweshera kunogadzirwa pakusunga tambo dzechirume nedzechikadzi pamwechete pasi pe torque yakakwirira inogona kubvisa passive oxide layer. Pasina iyi layer, makristasi esimbi anogona kukwizana zvakanangana, zvichiunza kupisa kwakanyanya munzvimbo uye zvichiita kuti tambo dzitonhore-pamwe chete. Kana yangovharwa, mubatanidzwa unovharika zvachose uye unobuda zvachose kana ukamanikidzwa. Kuti nyaya iyi ipere, nyanzvi dzinofanira kugara dzichishandisa mushonga wekubvisa-mafuta ekuzora kana kuti-shinda yeshinda yemhando yepamusoro yakagadziridzwa kugadzira simbi isina tsvina, kuitira kuti ishandiswe zvakanaka uye kuti haibvi zvachose-chisimbiso chepachena.
Mhedziso
Iko kukwanisa kwesimbi isina tsvina ye hydraulic components kuti irambe zvachose masimba anoparadza emarara uye kuparara haisi nyaya yerombo; ndiko kukunda kwakananga kwesainzi yezvinhu zvakanangwa. Nekugadzira alloy kutenderedza hwaro hwakasimba hwechromium, nickel, uye molybdenum, metallurgists vakagadzira chinhu chinokwanisa kugadzira chayo chega chisingaoneki, -kupora nhumbi dzokurwa nadzo.
Ingave yakakora, isina{0}yakaomeswa chimiro chechromium oxide passive layer, yakanangwa dziviriro inopihwa nemolybdenum pahutsinye hwechloride pitting, kana kuti yakaderera-carbon formulations inodzivirira kuparara kweweld, chikamu chose chestainless steel hydraulic chigadzirwa chakagadzirirwa kwenguva refu{2}}
Nepo zvimwe zvekushandisa zvichigona kupa mitengo yakaderera yekutanga kutenga, kusadzivirika kwavo mukupunzika kwezvakatipoteredza kunogara kuchikonzera kusatarisika kwekushanda kwekushanda, kudonha kwemvura inodhura, uye kuwedzera kwenjodzi dzekuchengetedza vashandi. Nekunzwisisa misimboti yakadzama yesainzi kuseri kwezvivakirwo zvesimbi isina simbi uye kuzvipira kubata kwakaringana uye kuisa mapuroteni, maindasitiri emazuva ano anogona kuchengetedza masisitimu emagetsi emvura anoramba akanyatsoshanda, akachena zvakakwana, uye achishanda zvakachengeteka kwemakumi emakore ari kuuya.
